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Astaxanthin Bibliography
Cardiovascular Disease
1. Nagakawa, K., et al., "Inhibition of beta-carotene and astaxanthin of
NADPH-dependent microsomal phospholipid peroxidation," Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, June 1997: 43(3) pp. 345-355.
2. Jorgensen, K., "Carotenoid scavenging
of radicals. Effect of carotenoid structure and oxygen partial pressure on antioxidative activity," Zeitschrift Lebensm Unters Forsch, May 1993: 196(5) pp. 423-429.
3. Murillo,
E., "Hypercholesterolemic effect of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in rats," Arch Latinoam Nutr, December 1992: 42(4) pp. 409-413.
4. Terao, J., "Antioxidant activity of
beta-carotene-related carotenoids in solution," Lipids, July 1989: 24(7), pp. 659-661.
5. Mortensen, A., et al., "Comparative mechanisms and rates of free radical scavenging
by carotenoid antioxidants," FEBS Letters, November 24, 1997: 418(1-2), pp. 91-97.
6. Kurashige, M., et al, " Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by
astaxanthin," Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 1990: 22(1), pp. 27-38.
7. Woodall, AA., et al, "Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or
in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals: relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability," Biochimica Biophysica Acta, October 20, 1997: 1336(3), pp. 575-586.
8. Miki, W., "Biological Functions and Activities of Animal Carotenoids," Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1991: 63(1) pp. 141-146.
9. Woodall, AA., et al.,
"Oxidation of carotenoids by free radicals: relationship between structure and reactivity," Biochimica Biophysica Acta, July 19, 1997:1336(1), pp. 33-42.
10. Mortensen, A.,
et al, "Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy," FEBS Letters, November 17, 1997:
417(3), pp. 261-266.
11. Palozza, P, Krinsky, N, "Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model," Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
September 1992: 297(2) pp. 291-295.
12. Lim, B.P., A. Nagao, et al. (1992). "Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation,"
Biochim-Biophys-Acta 1126(2): 178-84.
13. DiMascio, P., et al., "Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers," Biochemical Society
Transactions, 1990: 18, pp. 1054-1056.
Strength and Endurance
14. Malmsten, C., "Dietary Supplementation with Astaxanthin-Rich Algal Meal Improves Muscle Endurance
- a double blind study on male students." Unpublished study from the Karolinska Institut. Gustavsberg, Sweden, 1998.
Cancer Prevention
15. Gradelet, S, et al.,
"Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat," Carcinogenesis, March 1998: 19(3) pp. 403-411.
16. Mori, H., et al.,
"Chemoprevention by naturally occurring and synthetic agents in oral, liver and large bowel carcinogenesis," Journal of Cell Biochemistry, Supplement, 1997: 27, pp. 35-41.
17. Astorg, P., et al., "Effects of provitamin A or non-provitamin A carotenoids on liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in mice," Nutrition of Cancer, 1997: 27(3) pp. 245-249.
18. Rousseau, EJ, et al., "Protection by beta-carotene and related compounds against oxygen-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: implications for carcinogenesis and
anticarcinogenesis," Free Radical Biology & Medicine, October 1992: 13(4) pp. 407-433.
19. Tanaka, T., et al., "Suppression of azoxymethane-induced rat colon
carcinogenesis by dietary administration of naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin during the postinitiation phase," Carcinogenesis, December 1995: 16(12) pp.
2957-2963.
20. Tanaka, T., et al., "Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin," Cancer Research, September
15, 1995: 55(18) pp. 4059-4064.
21. Chew BP., et al., "A comparison of the anticancer activitites of dietary Beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo,"
Anticancer Research, May-June, 1999: 19(3a) PP. 1849-1854.
22. Tanaka, T., et al., "Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid
astaxanthin," Carcinogenesis, January 1994: 15(1) pp. 15-19.
23. Gradelet, S, et al., "Effects of canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lycopene and lutein on liver
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat," Xenobiotica, January 1996: 26(1) pp. 49-63.
24. Jewell C. and O'Brien, N., "Effect of dietary supplementation with carotenoids on
xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of the rat," British Journal of Nutrition, March 1999: 81(3) pp. 235-242.
25. Wolz, E.,
"Characterization of metabolites of astaxanthin in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, April 1999: 27(4) pp. 456-52.
Light Protection (Human Eye and Skin)
26. Gonzalez, JE, "Improved indicators of cell membrane potential that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer," Chemical
Biology, April 1997: 4(4) pp. 269-277.
27. Kobayashi, M., "Antioxidant role of astaxanthin in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
September 1997: 48(3) pp. 351-356.
28. Fan, L., et al., "Does astaxanthin protect Haematococcus against light damage?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschrift, January 1998: 53(1-2)
pp. 93-100.
29. O'Connor, I, et al., "Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts," Journal of
Dermatological Science, March 1998: 16(3) pp. 226-230.
30. Savoure, N., et al., "Vitamin A status and metabolism of cutaneous polyamines in the hairless mouse after UV
irradiation: action of beta-carotene and astaxanthin," International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1995: 65(2), pp. 79-86.
31. Tinkler, JH, et al, "Dietary
carotenoids protect human cells from damage," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, December 1994: 26(3), pp. 283-285.
32. Lee, SH, et al, "Effects, quenching
mechanisms, and kinetics of carotenoids in chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, August 1990: 38(8), pp. 1630-1634.
33. Mortensen, A., et al, "Free radical transients in photobleaching of xanthophylls and carotenes," Free Radical Research, June 1997: 26(6), pp. 549-563.
34. Oshima, S., et
al, "Inhibitory effect of beta-carotene and astaxanthin on photosensitized oxidation of phospholipid bilayers," Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, December 1993:
39(6), pp. 607-615.
35. Goldsmith, T., et al, "The Cone Oil Droplets of Avian Retinas," Vision Research, 1984: 24(11) pp. 1661-1671.
36. Tso, Mark O. M., Lam, Tim-Tak,
"Method of Retarding and Ameliorating Central Nervous System and Eye Damage, Patent No. 5,527,533. Washington, D.C., U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, June 18, 1996. This is found under
patents.
37. Rich, M., et al., "Dihydroxy-carotenoid liposomes inhibit phototoxicity in Paramecium caudatum," Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1992: 56(3) pp. 413-416.
Immune System
38. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Effects of various carotenoids on cloned, effector-stage T-helper cell activity," Nutrition of Cancer, 1996: 26(3) pp.
313-324.
39. Jyonouchi, H., et al, "Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of beta-carotene and astaxanthin on murine lymphocyte functions and cell surface
marker expression in in vitro culture system," Nutrition and Cancer, 1991: 16(2), pp. 93-105.
40. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids.
II. Astaxanthin enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation," Nutrition and Cancer, 1993: 19(3) pp. 269-280.
41. Jyonouchi, H, et al., "Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens," Nutrition and Cancer, 1994:
21(1), pp. 47-58.
42. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without Vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and
suboptimal doses of antigen," Journal of Nutrition, October 1995: 125(10) pp. 2483-2492.
43. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without Vitamin A activity
enhances in vitro immunoglobulin production in response to a T-dependent stimulant and antigen," Nutrition and Cancer, 1995: 23(2) pp. 171-183.
44. Okai, Y, et al, "Possible
immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments," International Journal of Immunopharmacology, December 1996: 18(12), pp. 753-758.
45. Tomita, Y,
et al., "Preventive action of carotenoids on the development of lymphadenopathy and proteinuria in MRL-lpr/lpr mice," Autoimmunity, 1993: 16(2) pp. 95-102.
H. pylori
46. Bennedsen, M., et al., "Treatment of H. pylori-infected mice with antioxidant/astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by
splenocytes," Immunology Letters, December 1, 1999: 70(3) pp. 185-9.
47. Lignell A., et al., "Symptom improvement in Helicobacter pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspeptic patients
after treatment with the carotenoid astaxanthin," Unpublished study from Sweden and the Center for Digestive Diseases, NSW, Australia, 1999.
Liver (See also Cancer)
Bioavailability
48. Osterlie, M., et al, "Blood appearance and distribution of astaxanthin E/Z isomers among plasma lipoproteins in humans administered in a single meal with
astaxanthin," Unpublished paper presented at the 12th International Symposium on Carotenoids in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, July 1999.
49. Chew, BP., et al., "Dietary
Beta-carotene and astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte function in mice," Anticancer Research, December 1999: 19.
50. Gobantes, I, et al., "Astaxanthin and
canthaxanthin kinetics after ingestion of individual doses by immature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, February 1997: 45(2), pp. 454-458.
Bibliography of Dietary Sources of Antioxidants
1. Mangles, AR, et al, "Carotenoid Content of Fruits and Vegetables: An Evaluation of Analytic Data," Journal
of the American Dental Association, 1993: pp. 284-296.
Found on: "Typical Carrotenoid Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables,"
http://www.veris-online.org/cgi-bin/fulldisp.prl?/catypfbk.htm.
2. Bauernfeind, JB, "Tocopherols in Foods. In Vitamin E: A Comprehensive Treatise, 1980: pp. 133-155. Found on:
"Typical Vitamin E Content of Selected Foods (Based on alpha-tocopherol content)," http://www.veris-online.org/typical.htm.
3. "Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and
US-Recommended Daily (US-RDA) 1989 http://139.141.91.9/HSC/FOM.biochemistry/teaching/RDA.htm.
4. Thomason, M. (research scientist), "Certificate of Analysis, Haematococcus algae
meal (NatuRose)," Cyanotech Corporation, October 8, 1999.
5. "What Forms of Astaxanthin are Found in Nature?" Aquasearch, Inc., 1999.
http://www.aquasearch.com/astax-2.htm.
6. Turujman, S., et al., "Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Method to Distinguish Wild Salmon from Aquacultured Salmon Fed Synthetic
Astaxanthin," Journal of AOAC International, 1997: v. 80(3) pp. 622-632.
7. NZ Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd., "King Salmon and Nutrition: Analysis per 100g of
fresh New Zealand King Salmon," http://www.kingsalmon.co.nz/health.html.
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