| Beta Glucan Physician's Reference Guide |
| References and Selected
Quotations
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Beta 1,3-D glucan is Non-specific, Non-toxic Immune Modulators from natural components, non-Irradiated and Beta-1, 3 / 1, 6 -glucans, and terminal poly-branched and linked 100 mg pure active ingredients per capsule @ 60 capsules available Beta 1,3-D glucan is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or disorder. An asterisk * by a reference indicates an abstract or copy is available
subject to copyright laws. Bold print references are considered
the most applicable presented. Dr. J. K. Czop, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. “...The cell wall glucans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [yeast cell wall] consist of two structurally distinct Beta-glucans: major components comprised of consecutively, 1, 3-linked glucopyranosyl residues with small numbers of 1, 6-linked branches, and minor components with consecutive 1, 6-linkages and 1, 3-branches.” Note: Beta 1, 3/1, 6 glucan contains the properties of Beta 1,3 glucan plus the attributes of Beta 1, 6 glucan. “Particulate” and “linked” beta glucans generally refer to the description by Dr. J.K. Czop above for cell wall glucans. References and Selected Quotations compiled by: Abel G. and Czop, J.K., “Stimulation of human monocyte beta-glucan receptors by glucan particles induces production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta,” Int. J. Immunopharmacolol, 14: 1363-1373. 1992. * Abel, G. and Czop, J.K., “Activation of Human Monocyte GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. Production by Particulate Yeast Glucan,” International Congress for Infectious Diseases, Montreal, Canada (abstract). 1990. * Dept of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Quote: “Beta-glucans are pharmacological agents that rapidly enhance the host resistance to a variety of biologic insults through mechanisms involving macrophage activation.” Adachi Y., Ohno N., Yacomae T.; “Preparation and antigen specificity of an anti- (1—>3)-beta-D-glucan antibody,” Biol Pharm bull 17: 1508-1512; 1994. * Adachi Y., Ohno N., Yacomae T.; “Inhibitory effect of beta-glucans on Zymosan-mediated hydrogen peroxide production by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro,” Biol Pharm Bull, 16: 462-467; 1993. Adachi Y., Ohno N., Ohsawa M., Oikawa S.,Yacomae T.; “Macrophage activation in vitro by chemically cross-linked (1—3)-beta-D-glucans,” Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 38:988-992 1990. Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan. * Ainsworth A.J., “A beta-glucan inhibitable Zymosan receptor on channel catfish neutrophils,” Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 41: 141-152. 1994. * Almdahl SM, Bogwald J, Hoffman J, Seljelid R; “Treatment of experimental peritonitis in rats by transfer of peritoneal mononuclear cells from rats injected with semisoluble aminated glucan.” Acta Chir Scand 153(9): 535-539, Sep 1987. Dept of Surgery, University Hospital, Tromso, Norway. * Almdahl SM, Bogwald J, Hoffman J, Seljelid R; “The effect of splenectomy on Escherichia coli sepsis and its treatment with semisoluble aminated glucan,” Scand J Gastroenterol 22(3): 261-267; Apr 1987. * Almdahl SM, Bogwald J, Hoffman J, Seljelid R Giercksky KE; “Protection by aminated glucan in experimental endogenous peritonitis,” Eur Surg Res 19(2): 78-85, 1987. * Almdahl SM, Seljelid R; “Semisoluble animated glucan: long-term efficacy against an intraperitoneal E. coli challenge and its effect on formation of abdominal adhesions,” Res Exp Med (Berlin) 187(5): 369-377, 1987. * Alpha-Beta Corporation-Annual Report 1994; PGG-glucan, 1994. * Andaluz E., Guillen A., Larriba G.; “Preliminary evidence for a glucan acceptor in the yeast Candida albicans,” Biochem J.; 240: 495-502. 1986. Anti-free Radical Activity of Beta (1-3) glucan Molecule. Seporga Laboratories, Sophia Antipolis, France. Research Report. 1990. Aoki, Immunomodulating Agents: Properties and Mechanisms, Chirigos, eds, Marcel Dekker, 1984; 20:63-77. 1984. Aono R., Hammura M. et al; “Isolation of extracellular 28- and 42-kilodalton beta-1-3-glucanases and comparison of three beta-1, 3-glucanases produced by Bacillus circulans IAM1165,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol 61: 122-129.1995 Artursson P et al; “Macrophage stimulation with some structurally related polysaccharides,” Scand J Immunol 25(3): 245-254, Mar 1987. * Babineau, et al., “A Phase II Multicenter, Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Three Dosages of an Immunomodulator (PGG-Glucan) in High Risk Surgical Patients”, Arch. Surg.; 129:1204-1210. 1994. Dept of Surgery, Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA. * Babineau, et al., “Randomized Phase I/II Trial of a Macrophage-Specific Immunomodulator (PGG-Glucan) in High Risk Surgical Patients”, Annals of Surgery; 220: (5): 601-609. 1994. Dept of Surgery, Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA. * Quote: “PGG-glucan is safe and appears to be effective in further reduction of the morbidity and cost of major surgery.”* Bacon J., et al., “The Glucan Components of the Cell Wall of Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Considered in Relation to its Ultrastructure,” Chemical Abstracts, 71:109168c. 1991. Bacon J., et al., “The Glucan Components of the Cell Wall of Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Considered in Relation to its Ultrastructure,” Biochem J.; 114:557-567. 1969. Baird et al., “Investigation of the Polysaccharides Produced by Extracellular Glycosyltransferases from Streptococcus Mutans,” Chemical Abstracts; vol. 77, No. 11, p. 242. Abs. No. 72399z. 1972. Ballou CE; “The yeast cell wall and cell surface;” The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories. New York. p 335; 1982. Barlin, et al., Heterogeneity of Molecular Phagocytes, Forster & Landy, eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 243-252. 1981. Benach J.L., et al., “Glucan as an adjuvant for a murine Babesia microti immunization trial,” Infection and Immunity, 35(3): 947-951. 1982. Quote: “These observations demonstrate that glucan is an effective adjuvant in enhancing immunity to murine babesiosis.”* Beta (1-3) glucan 1.3 Glucan Activity in Mice: Intraperitoneal and Oral Applications. Baylor College of Medicine. Research Summary. 1989. Beta (1-3) glucan: “I1-1 Cytokine Release after Oral Application in Mice”. Baylor College of Medicine. Research Report. 1994. Bodenbach B.; NSC-24(tm): An Extraordinary New Immune Enhancing Supplement; Health Perspectives, Vol 2, no 2; 1996. Bogwald J, Johnson E, Hoffman J, Seljelid R, “Lysosomal Glycosidase in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Stimulated in Vitro with Soluble and Insoluble Glucans”. J. Leukocyte Biol.; 35: 357-371. 1984. * Bogwald J, Johnson E, Seljelid R; “The Cytotoxic Effect of Mouse Macrophages Stimulated in vitro by a beta. 1,3-D-Glucan from Yeast Cell Walls”. Scand. J. Immuol. 15: 297-304. 1982. Institute of Med Bio, U of Tromso, Norway. Quote: “ Macrophages stimulated by an insoluble beta 1-3-D-glucan from yeast cell walls were able to destroy tumor cells as measured by the release of radioactive label from prelabelled 14C-thymidine cells. Target cells were B-16 melanoma, P-815 mastocytoma, and the L-929 cell line. A significant target cell killing by macrophages stimulated by glucan was observed after 72-96 h.” Bone, R.C., Gram-negative sepsis. Background, clinical features and intervention. Chest; 100:802-808. 1991. Bomford and Moreno, “Mechanisms of the Anti-Tumor Effect of Glucans and Fructosans: A Comparison with C. Parvum”. Br. J. Cancer; 36:41-48. 1977. Boone C, Sdicu A, Laroche M, Bussey H; “Isolation from Candida albicans of a functional homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE1 Gene, which is involved in cell wall beta-glucan synthesis,” J Bacteriol 173(21); 6859-6864, Nov 1991. * Boone C., Sommer SS, Hensel A., Bussey H., “Yeast KRE genes provide evidence for a pathway of cell wall beta-glucan assembly,” J Cell Biol; 110: 1833-1843. 1990. Borriss, et al., “Molecular cloning of a gene coding for thermostable beta-glucanase from Bacillus macerns,” J. Basic Microbiol; 28:3-10. 1988. Borriss, et al., “Expressions in Escherichia coli of a cloned beta-glucanase gene from Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol; 22:63-71. 1985. Borriss, Purification and characterization of an extracelluar beta-glucanase from Bacillus IMET B376 (1)), Z. Alg. Mikrobiologie; 21:7-17. 1981. Borriss, et al., “Beta-1, 3-1,4-glucanase in sporeforming microorganisms. V. The efficiency of beta-glucanase in reducing the viscosity of wort”, Zbl. Bakt II Abt. 136:324-329. 1981. Bousquet M., Escoula L. et al; “Immunopharmacologic study
in mice of 2 beta-1, 3, beta-1, 6 polysaccharides (Scleroglucan
and PSAT) on the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes,” Bousquet M., Escoula L., Pippy B, Besssieres MH, Chavant L, Seguela JP, “Enhancement of Resistance of mice Toxoplasma gondi by 2 polysaccharides beta (1-3) glucan 1-3, beta (1-3) glucan 1-6 (PSAT and Scleroglucan)” Ann Parasitol Hum Comp., ^63 (6): 398-409. 1988. * Bowers GJ, Patchen ML, et al, “Glucan enhances survival in an intraabdominal infection model,” J Surg Res 47(2): 183-188; Aug 1989. * Broach JR, Pringle JR and Jones EW; “The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae;” Genome Dynamics, Protein Synthesis, and Energetics; Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 1991. Browder W., Williams D., Pretus H., et al; Beneficial Effect of Enhanced Macrophage Function in the Trauma Patients. Ann. Surg.; Vol 211: 605-613. 1990. Dept of Surg and Physiol, Tulane U Sch of Med, LA and Istituto Di Chirurgia D’Urgenza, U of Torino, Torino, Italy. * Quote: “Previous studies have demonstrated that glucan, a beta-1, 3-linked glucopyranose polymer, isolated from the inner cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a potent macrophage stimulant and is beneficial in the therapy of experimental bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases. Use of glucan in a murine model of hind-limb crush injury decreased macrophage PGE2 release while stimulating bone marrow proliferation.” Browder IW, Sherwood E., Williams D., Jones E., McNamee R., DiLuzio N., “Protective effect of glucan-enhanced macrophage function in experimental pancreatitis”, Am J Surg.; 1153 (1): 25-33. 1987. Browder W., Williams D., Sherwood E., McNamee R., Jones E., DiLuzio N., “Synergistic effect of nonspecific immunostimulation and antibiotics in experimental peritonitis”, Surgery 102 (2): 206-214. 1987* Browder W., et al., “Modification of Post-Operative C. albicans Sepsis by Glucan Immunostimulation,” Int. J. Immunopharmac.; 6:19-26. 1984. Dept of Surg and Physiol, Tulane U Sch of Med, LA Quote: “These observations suggest that Biologic Response Modifiers such as glucan may be effectively employed in patients who are at risk for post-operative infections.”* Browder W., et al., “Protective Effect of Nonspecific Immunostimulation in Post Splenectomy Sepsis”. J. Surg. Res.; 35: 474-479. 1983. Dept of Surg and Physiol, Tulane U Sch of Med, LA * Quote: “This study reports the use of glucan, a beta-1, 3-polyclucose, as a nonspecific immunostimulant for postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis. ...Nonspecific immunostimulation appears to have significant potential as a treatment strategy against postplenectomy infection.” Browder, W., Survey of Immunological Research, 1983; 2:229-301. 1983. Browder W., et al., Immunomodulation by Microbial Products and Related Synthetic Compounds, Yamamura et al., eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam; pp. 354-357. 1982. Brown JL, et al; “A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1—>6)-beta-glucan synthesis,” Genetics 133(4) 837-849, Apr 1993. * Buddle BM, et al, “Protective effect of glucan against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis in ewes.” Vet Microbiol 16(1): 67-76, Jan 1988. Bulone V., Fevre M.; “A 34-kilodalton polypeptide is associated with 1,3-beta-glucan synthase activity from the fungus Saprolegnia monoica,” FEMS Microbiol Lett: 140: 145-150, 1996. Burgaleta C., Goide D.W.; Increased granulopoiesis and macrophage production in glucan-treated mice; Chirigos MA, ed. Immune Modulation and Control of Neoplosia by Adjuvant Therapy. New York: Raven Press, 195-219, 1978. Burgaleta C., Territo M.C., Quan C.G., Goide D.W.; Glucan activated macrophages: functional characteristics and surface morphology; J Reticuloendothel Soc 23: 195-204. 1978. Burgaleta, C. and Golde, D.W.; “Effect of Glucan on Granulopoiesis and Macrophage Genesis in Mice”. Cancer Research; 37:1739-1742; Jun 1977. * Cain J.A., Newman S.L., Ross G.D., “Role of complement receptor type three and serum opsonins in the neutrophil response to yeast,” Complement 4: 75-86.1987. Campbell I and Duffus JH; eds., “Yeast.” 1988. Carrow, D.J.; “Beta-1, 3-glucan as a Primary Immune Activator,” Townsend Letter; June 1996. Cerenius L., Liang Z., Duvie B., et al, “Structure and biological activity of a 1,3 beta-D-glucan-binding protein in crustacean blood,” J. Biol Chem 269: 29462-29467. 1994. Chen Y-H Riby Y., Srivastava P., Bartholomew J., Denison M, Bjeldanes L.; Regulation of CYP1A1 by Indolo{3,2-b} Carbazole in Murine Hepatoma Cells. J Biol Chem.; 270(38): 22548-55. 1995. Chihara G., et al., “Lentinan as a Host Defense Potentiator (HPD),” Int. J. Immunotherapy; V (4): 145-154. 1989. Chihara G., Rivista di Immunolog, ed. Immunofarm.; 5: (2): 85-97. 1983. Chirigos M.A., et al, Cancer Research; 38:1085-1091. 1978. Cisreros RL, Gibson FC 3, Tzianabos AO; “Passive transfer of poly- (1-6)-beta-Glucotrisyl- (1-3)-beta glucopyranose glucan protection against lethal infection in an animal model of intra-abdominal sepsis,” Infect Immun 64(6): 2201-2205, Jun 1996. Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. * Clark A.E., Stone B.A.; “Beta-glucan hydrolases from Aspergillus niger. Isolation of a beta- (1-4)-glucan hydrolase and some properties of the beta- (1-3)-glucan-hydrolase components,” Bichem J 96: 793-801. 1965. Cook J. A., et al, Infection and Immunity; 40(3): 1038-1043. 1983. Cook J.A., et al., “Immunomodulation of Protozoan Diseases”. Immunolg. Res.; 2: 243-245. 1983. Cook J.A., et al, “Protective Effect of Glucan against Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hamsters”. Immun.; 37: 1261-1269. 1982. Cook J.A., et al., “Viscereal Leishmaniasis in Mice: Protective Effect of Glucan”. J. Reticuloendothel; Soc. 27: 567-573. 1980. Cross CE, Bancroft GJ, “Ingestion of acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans occurs via mannose and beta-glucan receptors, resulting in cytokine production and increased phagocytosis of the encapsulated form.” Infect Immun 63:2604-2611. 1995. Dept Clin Sci, London Sch of Hyg and Trop Med, England. Crueger, et al., Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology; 2nd ed, pp. 9-58. 1989. Czop JK, Janusz M; “Derivativized polysaccharides with biologic activity, method of their isolation, and uses therefor;” U.S. Patent 5057503, Issued Oct 15, 1991. * Czop J.K., Kay J., Isolation and Characterization of B-glucan Receptors on Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. J. Exp. Medicine; V.173: 1511-1520. 1991. (Copy available) Dept of Med, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA. * Quote: “...human alveolar macrophages ...possess phagocytic receptors of comparable ligand specificity for the Beta glucans commonly present in yeast and fungi. Pathogens such as Candida and Aspergilli contain “yeast” glucan, cell wall components consisting of branched homopolymers of Beta-D-glucose with 1, 3 consecutive and 1, 6-crosslinked chains and prototypic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.”* Czop J.K., Gurish M.F., Kadish J.L., Production and Isolation of Rabbit Anti-idiotypic Antibodies Directed Against the Human Monocyte Receptor for Yeast B-glucans. Journal of Immunology; 145:995-1001. 1990. Dept of Med, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA. * Quote (p1): “Beta-Glucans with 1, 3 and/or 1, 6 linkages are the major structural components of yeast and fungi and are pharmacological agents in animals... The cell wall glucans of S. cerevisiae consist of two structurally distinct Beta-glucans: major components comprised of consecutively, 1, 3-linked glucopyranosyl residues with small numbers of 1, 6-linked branches, and minor components with consecutive 1, 6-linkages and 1, 3-branches.” Czop, J.K., Valiante N.M., Janusz M.J.; “Phagocytosis of particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway through monocyte beta-glucan receptors,” Prog Clin Biol Res 297: 287-296; 1989. Dept of Med, Harvard Med S, Boston, MA. * Quote (p1): “Animal studies indicate that beta-glucans with 1, 3-and/or 1, 6-linkages are active pharmacologic agents that rapidly confer protection to a normal host against a variety of biological insults. The beta-glucan receptors provide a mechanism by which a heightened state of host responsiveness is initiated.” Czop J.K., Puglisi A.V., Miorandi D.Z., Austen K.F.; “Pertubation of beta-glucan receptors on human neutrophils initiates phagocytosis and leukotriene B4 production,” J. Immunol 141: 3170-3176. 1988. * Czop, Joyce K., “The Role of Beta-Glucan Receptors on Blood and tissue Leukocytes in Phagocytosis and metabolic Activation”. Pathology and Immunopathology Research; 5:286-296. 1986. * Czop J.K., Austen K.F., A B-glucan Inhibitable Receptor on Human Monocytes: Its Identity with the Phagocytic Receptor for Particular Activators of the Alternative Complement Pathway. Journal of Immunology 134: 1985; 2588-2593. 1985. * Czop J.K., Austen K.F.; “Properties of glycans that activate the human alternative complement pathway and interact with the human monocyte beta-glucan receptor,” J Immunol 135: 3388-3393. 1985. * Czop J.K., Austen K.F.; “A beta-glucan inhibitable receptor on human monocytes: its identity with the phagocytic receptor for particulate activators of the alternative complement pathway,” J Immunol 134(4): 2588-2593, Apr 1985. * Czop J.K., Austen K.F.; “Generation of leukotrienes by human monocytes upon stimulation of their beta-glucan receptor during phagocytosis,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 82: 2751-2755 1985. * Czop J.K., Dadish JL, Zepf DM and Austen KF; “Identification with monoclonal antibodies of different regions of human plasma fibronectin, including that which interacts with human monocyte fibronectin receptors;” Immunology. 54:407. 1985. Czop J.K., McGowan SE and Center DM; “Opsonin-independent
phagocytosis by human alveolar Czop J.K, Fearon DT, and Austen KF; “Opsonin-independent phagocytosis of activators of the alternative complement pathway by human monocytes;” J Immunol; 120:1,132; 1978. Damia, et al, “Prevention of Acute Chemotherapy-Induced Death in Mice by Recombinate Human Interleukin 1: Protection from Hematological and Nonhematological Toxicities”, Cancer Research, vol. 52, pp. 4082-4089. Daum T., Rohrbach M.S.; “Zymosan induces selective release of arachidonic acid from rabbit alveolar macrophages via stimulation of a beta-glucan receptor,” FEBS Lett 309: 119-122; 1992. Deimann W, Fahimi HD, “The Appearance of Transition Forms Between Monocytes and Kupffer Cells in the Liver of Rats Treated with Glucan,” J Exp Med, p883-897, Apr 1979. * Dept of Anat, U of Heidelberg, Germany. * Delville, et al., entitled “Le-.beta-1, 3-Glucan et Autres Immunomodulateurs dans L’Unfection lepresis Experimentale Chez La Souris”. Acta Leprologica; 77/76: 273-281. 1979. De Fellipi J. Jr., Freire C.A.R., Harbach E.T. et al; Celularidade do sangue periferico apos o emprego da glucana, um imunostimulante de SRE. Em pacientes septicos e em voluntarios sem infeccao; Rev Ter Intensiva 1: 45-52; 1987. Deslanders, et al., “Triple-Helical Structure (1,3)-beta-D-Glucans”. Macromolecules 13: 1466-1471.1980. “Development & Comparative Immunology,” Editorial Board, Pergamon; 1997. Deville, et al., “Le-Beta 1,3-Glucan et Autres Immunomodulateurs dans L’Unfection lepresis Experimental Chez La Souris”Acta Leprologica 77/76: 273-281.; 1979. DiLuzio N.R., “Soluble phosphorylated glucan,” U.S. Patent 487777, Issued Oct 31, 1989. DiLuzio N.R. (deceased), Williams D.L., Browder I.W.; Soluble phosphorylated glucan: methods and compositions for treatment of neoplastic diseases; U.S. Patent 4818752; 1989. DiLuzio N.R.; Soluble phosphorylated glucan; U.S. Patent 4739046; 1988. DiLuzio N.R. and Williams D.L., “ The Roll of Glucan in the
Prevention and Modification of Microparasitic Diseases;” in
Chemical Regulation of Immunology in Veterinary Medicine, Alan DiLuzio N.R.,”Immunopharmacology of glucan: a broad-spectrum
enhancer of host defense mechanisms,” Trends in Pharmacol.
SCI., 4:344-347. 1983. Dept of Physiology, Tulane U, New Orleans,
LA. * Quote: (p347) “The broad spectrum of immunopharmacological
activities of glucan includes not only the DiLuzio N.R. Williams D.L. et al, “Comparative evaluation of the tumor inhibitory and antibacterial activity of solubilized and particulate glucan,” Recent Results Cancer Res 75:165-172. 1980. * Quote: “Intravenous administration of soluble or particulate glucan resulted in significant reduction in the growth of a syngeneic anaplastic mammary carcinoma and melanoma B16 and enhanced survival.” DiLuzio NR, Williams DL; “Enhancement of host susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection by chronic ethanol ingestion-modification by glucan immunostimulation,” Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4(3): 254-260. Jul 1980. * Quote: “The administration of glucan significantly prolonged survival of S. Aureus infected control and chronic ethanol mice.” DiLuzio N.R. and Chihara, Advances in Immunopharmacology Hadden et al., eds., Pergamon Press Oxford and New York, pp. 477-484. 1980. DiLuzio NR, Williams DL, et al, “Comparative tumor-inhibitory and anti-bacterial activity of soluble and particulate glucan,” Int J Cancer, 24(6): 773-779. Dec 1979. * Quote: “...these studies demonstrate that a soluble glucan preparation exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-staphylococcal activity.” DiLuzio N.R., Kokoshis P.L.; Serum lysozyme: an index of macrophage function. J Reticuloendothel Soc 25: 85-99, 1979. DiLuzio N.R. and Williams D.L., “Glucan-Induced Modification of the Increases Susceptibility of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice to Staphylococcus aureus Infection”. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.; 6: 73-79. 1979. DiLuzio NR, Williams DL, “Protective effect of glucan against systemic Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in normal and leukemic mice,” Infect Immun 20(3): 804-810. Jun 1978. * Dept of Physiology, Tulane U, New Orleans, LA. * Quote: “These data denote that glucan enhances nonspecific resistance to S. aureus sepsis, promotes survival during leukemic episodes, and increases survival time of leukemic mice with experimentally induced staphylococcal infection.” DiLuzio N.R., Williams D.L., Cook J.L., Hoffman E.O.; Protective effect of glucan in experimentally induced Candidiasis; J Reticuloendothel Soc 53: 479-490, 1978. DiLuzio N.R. and Kupffer, Cells and other Liver Sinusoidal Cells. Wisse and Knook, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam; pp. 397-406. 1977. DiLuzio N.R., et al., The Macrophage and Cancer, James et al., eds: Edinburgh Univer. Med. Pres.; pp. 181-201. 1977. DiLuzio N.R., et al., “The Employment of Glucan and Glucan Activated Macrophages in the Enhancement of Host Resistance to Malignancies in Experimental Animals,” in The Macrophage in Neoplasia; Academic Press, Inc. New York; pp. 181-198. 1976. DiLuzio N.R., Morrow H.S.; Comparative behavior of soluble and particulated antigens and inert colloids in reticuloendotheilial-stimulated or depressed mice; J Reticuloendothel Soc 9: 273-287, 1971. DiLuzio N.R., et al., “Evaluation of the Mechanism of Glucan-Induced Stimulation of the Reticuloendothelial System”. J. Reticuloendothelial Soc.; Soc.7: 731-742. 1970. DiLuzio, N.R. and Riggi, J. Reticuloendothel, Soc.; 8: 465-473. 1970. Di Renzo, L., Yefenof, E., Klein E., “The Function of human NK cells is enhanced by B-Glucan, a ligand of CR3 (CD11b/CD18)”. Eur. J. Immunol., 21:1755-1758. 1991. Doita M, Rasmussen LT, Seljelid R, Lipsky PE, “Effect of soluble aminated beta-1, 3-D-polyglucose on human monocytes: stimulation of cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production but not antigen-presenting function.” J Leukoc Biol 49(4): 342-351. Apr 1991. * Donzis B. A.; Substantially purified beta (1,3) finely ground yeast cell wall glucan composition with dermatological and nutritional uses; U.S. Patent 5576015; 1996. Donzis B.A.; Solubilized yeast glucan; U.S. Patent 5519009; 1996. Donzis B.A.; Photoprotective composition containing yeast extract; U.S. Patent 5397773; 1995. Donzis B.A.; Method of revitalizing skin by applying topically water insoluble glucan; U.S. Patent 5223491; 1993. Donzis B. A.: Method and Composition for Treating Hyperlipemia. U.S. Patent 4,891,220; 1990. Drovanti A., Bignamini A., Rovatyi A.; Therapeutic Activity of Oral Glucosamine Sulfate in Osteoarthritis: A Placebo-controlled Double blind Investigation. Clinical Therapeutics; 3(4): 260-272. 1980. 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